Introduction

The osmotic pressure of human plasma is 749.62 kPa, which is comparable to the osmotic pressure of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Pharmacy on the two solutions with the same osmotic pressure of plasma or body fluids, by an ideal semipermeable membrane separated by the osmotic balance phenomenon known as isosmotic, these two solutions are called isosmotic solution, higher or lower than the plasma osmolality is correspondingly called hypertonic solution or hypotonic solution. The osmolality of an injection should be equal to the plasma osmolality in order to ensure the safety of the medication.

Subtypes of Osmotic Pressure Regulators

1. Osmotic pressure regulators in injection: include sodium chloride, glucose, fructose, glycerol, etc.
2. Osmotic pressure regulators in eye drops: the osmotic pressure range to which the eye can adapt is similar to a concentration of 0.5%-1.6% of sodium chloride solution, with severe pain when it surpasses 2%. Osmotic pressure regulators are frequently employed in eye drops. Sodium chloride, dextrose, boric acid, and sodium nitrate are isotonic regulators used in eye drops. Hypotonic solutions for eye drops should be changed to isotonic ones, while therapeutic demands sometimes allow for the use of hypertonic solutions as well. On the other hand, eyewashes are meant to be isotonic.

To Choose Osmotic Pressure Regulator

1. Osmotic pressure regulators should be non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic, non-odorous, and conform to standards for injectable use.
2. Osmotic pressure regulators should not react with APIs and should not interfere with the examination of the preparation and determination of its content.
3. The pH range of the drug solution should be considered when selecting osmotic pressure regulators, and osmolality modulators should be stable in this pH range.
4. When using osmotic pressure regulators, the total osmolality of API and other excipients in the drug solution should be calculated first or measured by the osmometer, if the total osmolality or osmolality of the drug solution has been within the range of clinical normal value of 275-310 mOsm/L, or slightly higher than the normal value, it is not necessary to add osmotic pressure regulators, if it is lower than the range of clinical normal value, osmotic pressure regulators should be added.

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